Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which
large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (∼ 10–50 km) are …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

The stratosphere has been identified as an important source of predictability for a range of
processes on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) time scales. Knowledge about S2S …

Abstract The Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar winter stratosphere of 2019/2020 featured an
exceptionally strong and cold stratospheric polar vortex. Wave activity from the troposphere …

There is high demand and a growing expectation for predictions of environmental conditions
that go beyond 0–14-day weather forecasts with outlooks extending to one or more seasons …

Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are striking phenomena of wintertime
stratospheric circulation usually defined as a reversal of zonal mean circulation from …

A minor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) happened in September 2019 in the Southern
Hemisphere (SH) with winds at 10 hPa, 60° S reaching their minimum value on 18 …

Weather and climate variations on subseasonal to decadal time scales can have enormous
social, economic, and environmental impacts, making skillful predictions on these time …

Using multiple data sources, favorable conditions for the 2019 SSW event and its predictive
skill from 11 subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) forecast models are explored in this study. This …

Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events can exhibit long‐lasting surface impacts that
promise improvements in medium‐range to seasonal predictability. Their surface impact is …