BACKGROUND Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are places in the ocean that receive
protection to safeguard biodiversity from abatable threats. Confusion exists about the …

Abstract Sustainable Development Goal 14 of the United Nations aims to “conserve and
sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development” …

Coral reefs worldwide are facing impacts from climate change, overfishing, habitat
destruction, and pollution. The cumulative effect of these impacts on global capacity of coral …

Mangrove forests store high amounts of carbon, protect communities from storms, and
support fisheries. Mangroves exist in complex social-ecological systems, hence identifying …

We are part of Nature, not separate from it. We rely on Nature to provide us with food, water
and shelter; regulate our climate and disease; maintain nutrient cycles and oxygen …

International policy is focused on increasing the proportion of the Earth's surface that is
protected for nature,. Although studies show that protected areas prevent habitat loss …

Humanity will soon define a new era for nature—one that seeks to transform decades of
underwhelming responses to the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts …

Abstract The European Union (EU) has committed to an ambitious biodiversity recovery plan
in its Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the Green Deal. These policies aim to halt …

There is an increasing recognition that, although the climate change and biodiversity crises
are fundamentally connected, they have been primarily addressed independently and a …

The 2020 global spatial targets for protected areas set by the Convention on Biological
Diversity have almost been achieved, but management effectiveness remains deficient …