Light energy is an important factor for plant growth. In regions where the natural light source
(solar radiation) is not sufficient for growth optimization, additional light sources are being …

Light is a fundamental environmental parameter for plant growth and development because
it provides an energy source for carbon fixation during photosynthesis and regulates many …

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are frequently regarded as a new light source for the
production of horticultural crops under closed-type conditions. However, before use of LEDs …

By definition, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) includes wavelengths between 400
and 700 nm and thus, far-red radiation (FR, 700–800 nm) is excluded when the …

In urban agriculture, plant growth is limited by the availability of light. Light emitting diodes
(LED) could provide specific quality and quantity of light overcoming existing limitations for …

A reduction in crop productivity in cultivable land and challenging environmental factors
have directed advancement in indoor cultivation systems, such that the yield parameters are …

Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome
(SAS), including exaggerated stem elongation, which leads to lodging and yield reduction …

Covering greenhouses and agricultural fields with photovoltaics has the potential to create
multipurpose agricultural systems that generate revenue through conventional crop …

The flexibility of LED technology, in terms of energy efficiency, robustness, compactness,
long lifetime, and low heat emission, as well as its applications as a sole source or …

The introduction of high power LED lighting systems for horticulture has stimulated
substantial interest from both the research community and the protected horticulture industry …