The gastrointestinal tract is the only internal organ to have evolved with its own independent
nervous system, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). This Review provides an …

Interest in deciphering the fundamental mechanisms and processes of the human mind
represents a central driving force in modern neuroscience research. Activities in support of …

Progress in understanding brain–viscera interoceptive signaling is hindered by a dearth of
implantable devices suitable for probing both brain and peripheral organ neurophysiology …

Guided by gut sensory cues, humans and animals prefer nutritive sugars over non-caloric
sweeteners, but how the gut steers such preferences remains unknown. In the intestine …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network comprising millions of neurons
and glial cells contained within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The major functions of …

Light is used extensively in biological and medical research for optogenetic
neuromodulation, fluorescence imaging, photoactivatable gene editing and light-based …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest division of the peripheral nervous system
and closely resembles components and functions of the central nervous system. Although …

Ingestible electronics have the capacity to transform our ability to effectively diagnose and
potentially treat a broad set of conditions. Current applications could be significantly …

Electrical stimulation is a promising method to modulate gastrointestinal disorders. However,
conventional stimulators need invasive implantation and removal surgeries associated with …

Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in
terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers …