In this book, Phan Le-Ha identifies and discusses four growing self-sustained/sustaining
fundamental phenomena in transnational education (TNE), namely (1) the planned, evolving …

This chapter discusses the statistics of English across Asia, with reference to both the
numbers of English users in the region, and the measurement of levels of English …

ABSTRACT The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has
long been considered a global policy in language education. It has been borrowed and …

2.1. Introduction 2.2. Research team 2.3. Designing the study 2.4. Research participants 2.5.
Preliminary research procedures 2.5. 1. Outlining structures of ESBE in ASEAN 2.5. 2 …

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country and a multilingual society, with 54 different ethnic groups
who speak more than 100 different languages. Ethnic minority languages, though …

This study analyzes how English-medium instruction (EMI) content lecturers in Vietnam
navigate opportunities and challenges of incentivization, institutional support, and …

This article examines a group of Vietnamese ethnic minority students' language attitudes
towards formal and informal language policies of the domains of school, church and ethnic …

This article examines linguistic discrimination against minority students in Vietnamese
mainstream schools, as represented in administrators', teachers' and minority students' …

This article explores language policy in Southeast Asia, focussing on two recent state and
other institutional reform efforts and directions: one towards English, and the other towards …

English in Southeast Asia and ASEAN embeds English in its various regional Southeast
Asian and political ASEAN language habitats. Addressing the history, developmental stages …