The insulin receptor (IR) is a type II receptor tyrosine kinase that plays essential roles in
metabolism, growth, and proliferation. Dysregulation of IR signaling is linked to many human …

Insulin synthesis in pancreatic β‐cells is initiated as preproinsulin. Prevailing glucose
concentrations, which oscillate pre‐and postprandially, exert major dynamic variation in …

Insulin is an anabolic peptide hormone secreted by the b cells of the pancreas acting
through a receptor located in the membrane of target cells-major ones being liver (where it …

Insulin signaling controls metabolic homeostasis. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of
full-length insulin receptor (IR) and insulin complex in the active state. This structure …

Background Today, recognition and classification of sequence motifs and protein folds is a
mature field, thanks to the availability of numerous comprehensive and easy to use software …

Background The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its ongoing use since that time in
the treatment of diabetes belies the molecular complexity of its structure and that of its …

Freeze tolerance is an amazing winter survival strategy used by various amphibians and
reptiles living in seasonally cold environments. These animals may spend weeks or months …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus—in which the body produces insufficient amounts of insulin or the
insulin that is produced does not function properly to control blood glucose—is an …

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase, is
widely expressed across many cell types in foetal and postnatal tissues. Activation of the …

Insulin plays a central role in the regulation of human metabolism. The hormone is a 51-
residue anabolic protein that is secreted by the β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans …