The ocean is home to a diverse and metabolically versatile microbial community that
performs the complex biochemical transformations that drive the nitrogen cycle, including …

Coastal eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs is one of the greatest threats
to the health of coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. Globally,∼ 24% of the …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

BACKGROUND Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation, the reduction of atmospheric N2 to
ammonia, is important for maintaining the fertility of the oceans by providing biologically …

Nitrogen (N) is used in many of life's fundamental biomolecules, and it is also a participant in
environmental redox chemistry. Biogeochemical processes control the amount and form of N …

Phosphorus (P) is essential for life, but most of the global surface ocean is P depleted, which
can limit marine productivity and affect ecosystem structure. Over recent decades, a wealth …

In this paper we review the technologies available to make globally quantitative
observations of particles in general—and plankton in particular—in the world oceans, and …

Excess nutrientsfrom fertiliser application, pollution discharge and water regulations outflow
through rivers from lands to oceans, seriously impact coastal ecosystems. Terrestrial runoff …

A key Earth system science question is the role of atmospheric deposition in supplying vital
nutrients to the phytoplankton that form the base of marine food webs. Industrial and …