Sustainable metal supply requires well-coordinated strategy and policy packages based on
a sound scientific understanding of anticipated long-term demand, supply, and associated …

Critical metals are technologically vital to the functionality of various emerging technologies,
yet they have a potentially unstable supply. This condition calls for strategic planning based …

The critical role of the iron and steel industry in decarbonizing global energy systems calls
for refined strategies of climate mitigation. Here, based on a newly developed database of …

Global energy transitions could fundamentally change flows of both minerals and energy
resources over time. It is, therefore, increasingly important to holistically and dynamically …

To a set of well-regarded international scenarios (UNEP's GEO-4), we have added
consideration of the demand, supply, and energy implications related to copper production …

Built environment stocks (buildings and infrastructures) play multiple roles in our socio-
economic metabolism: they serve as the backbone of modern societies and human well …

Climate change is an urgent global challenge, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from
metal production contribute to a substantial part of total emissions. Metals play an essential …

Material stocks in infrastructure, buildings and machinery shape current and future resource
use and emissions. Analyses of specific countries and selected materials suggest that …

Embodied carbon emissions of the building sector constitute the majority of carbon
emissions. The selection of a building stock development pathway, construction mode, and …

Residential buildings and service sector buildings have an important contribution to climate
change, directly via energy use in these buildings and indirectly through construction …