Harvestmen are a major arachnid order that has experienced a dramatic increase in
biological knowledge in the 21st century. The publication of the book Harvestmen: The …

Sexual dimorphism (SD), the divergence of secondary sexual traits between males and
females within a species, can arise from diverse evolutionary forces, such as natural …

Many animals develop and use exaggerated weapons in contests over access to mating
opportunities. Stag beetles (family Lucanidae) show striking sexual dimorphism, where the …

The Neopilionidae is a highly diversified harvestman family in New Zealand, comprising
eight genera and 28 species. Although individuals of many species are abundant in the …

Many sexual weapons used in sexual combat and/or as visual displays of dominance (eg,
antlers, horns) show positive allometry with body size, but allometry in species with more …

Allometry is a common technique used by biologists to quantify and describe the
exaggerated sexually selected traits of beetles. While horned species have dominated …

Competition for mates can drive the evolution of exaggerated weaponry and male
dimorphism associated with alternative reproductive tactics. In terrestrial arthropods, male …

Intraspecific weapon polymorphisms that arise via conditional thresholds may be affected by
juvenile experience such as predator encounters, yet this idea has rarely been tested. The …

Chelicerae, the mouthparts of chelicerates, are essential for food processing. Particularly
within harvestmen (Opiliones), some species have greatly elongated their tripartite …

Intense sexual selection on males may drive the evolution of exaggerated weaponry,
typically used in contests for females or reproductive sites. In some species, males have …