I outline how understanding the mechanism of behavioural plasticity is important for
predicting how organisms will respond to rapidly changing and novel environments. I define …

Interest in individual differences in animal behavioural plasticities has surged in recent
years, but research in this area has been hampered by semantic confusion as different …

Learning is widespread in nature, occurring in most animal taxa and in several different
ecological contexts and, thus, might play a key role in evolutionary processes. Here, we …

Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary
biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies …

Animals adjust their behaviour in response to complex environmental conditions. This form
of plasticity requires the formation of association between information and an appropriate …

Phenotypic plasticity in general and polyphenic development in particular are thought to
play important roles in organismal diversification and evolutionary innovation. Focusing on …

Cognitive ecology integrates cognition, ecology, and neurobiology in one topic and has
recently broadened into an exciting diversity of themes covering the entire range of cognition …

The development of organisms is changing drastically because of anthropogenic changes in
once-limited nutrients. Although the importance of changing macronutrients, such as …

Learning is widespread in the animal kingdom. From the small nematode worm
Caenorhabditis elegans to humans, learning appears to play a central role in adaptation to …

Host plant choice in polyphagous insects can be connected with costs of being naïve when
confronted with several potential host plants, for example through slower decision making …