Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful spectroscopic method for
measuring distances in the 2–8 nm range. Often, conformational changes and molecular …

Ion channels play central roles in biology and human health by catalyzing the
transmembrane flow of electrical charge. These proteins are ideal targets for genetic code …

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a fundamental macronutrient for all living organisms, the
homeostasis of which is critical for numerous biological activities,–. As the only known …

Abstract The Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) drives salt reabsorption in the kidney and plays a
decisive role in balancing electrolytes and blood pressure. Thiazide and thiazide-like …

The human ABC transporter ABCC3 (also known as MRP3) transports a wide spectrum of
substrates, including endogenous metabolites and exogenous drugs. Accordingly, it …

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel that
regulates transepithelial salt and fluid homeostasis. CFTR dysfunction leads to reduced …

Loss-of-function mutations of the CFTR gene cause the life-shortening genetic disease
cystic fibrosis (CF), whereas overactivity of CFTR may lead to secretory diarrhea and …

Bilirubin is mainly generated from the breakdown of heme when red blood cells reach the
end of their lifespan. Accumulation of bilirubin in human body usually leads to various …

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel that
regulates electrolyte and fluid balance in epithelial tissues. While activation of CFTR is vital …

Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) play central roles in cellular physiology and represent
the majority of known drug targets. Single-molecule fluorescence and fluorescence …