Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease more common
in women than men (3: 1). Although sex-based differences may play a complex role in …

In response to various immune challenges, females show better survival than males; the X
chromosome has an important role in this immunological advantage. X chromosome-linked …

Simple Summary Males are much more susceptible to head and neck cancers than females
regardless of whether they drink alcohol or smoke tobacco. Sex differences in the incidence …

Growing knowledge about the cytokine network response has led to a better comprehension
of mechanisms of pathologies and to the development of new treatments with biological …

A large number of autoimmune diseases (ADs) are more prevalent in women. The more
frequent the AD and the later it appears, the more women are affected. Many ideas mainly …

The X chromosome is known to contain the largest number of immune-related genes of the
whole human genome. For this reason, X chromosome has recently become subject of great …

Objective To identify features of antinuclear antibody (ANA)–HEp‐2 test results that
discriminate ANA‐positive healthy individuals and patients with autoimmune rheumatic …

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterised by intrahepatic bile-duct
destruction, cholestasis, and, in some cases, cirrhosis. Evidence supporting the autoimmune …

In this paper, we hypothesize that X chromosome‐associated mechanisms, which affect X‐
linked genes and are behind the immunological advantage of females, may also affect X …

Twin studies are powerful tools to discriminate whether a complex disease is due to genetic
or environmental factors. High concordance rates among monozygotic (MZ) twins support …