In the central nervous system (CNS) of both vertebrates and invertebrates, biogenic amines
are important neuroactive molecules. Physiologically, they can act as neurotransmitters …

A striking commonality across insects and vertebrates is the recurring presence of parallel
olfactory subsystems, suggesting that such an organization has a highly adaptive value …

Avoiding toxins in food is as important as obtaining nutrition. Conditioned food aversions
have been studied in animals as diverse as nematodes and humans [1, 2], but the neural …

The olfactory lobes of crustaceans and the antennal lobes of insects are the primary
olfactory brain centers in Tetraconata. Recent publications considered the apparent lack of …

Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by an animal's exocrine glands that elicit a
behavioral or physiological response by another animal of the same species. In honey bees …

Neuromodulators and hormones elicit and modify well-defined behaviours. Their mode of
action can be studied to advantage in arthropods, where the natural releasing cells and …

A histochemical staining method for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and an antiserum raised
against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) of locust nervous tissue were applied in …

The organization of putative octopaminergic pathways in the brain and subesophageal
ganglion of the honeybee was investigated with a well‐defined polyclonal antiserum against …

The roles of acetylcholine, dopamine, octopamine, tyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine,
histamine, glutamate, 4-aminobutanoic acid (γ-aminobutyric acid) and a range of peptides …

The structure and postembryonic development of antennae and deutocerebrum in various
insect orders are reviewed. First, the number and/or size of system components, ie antennal …