In recent decades, the emergence and resurgence of vector‐borne diseases have been well
documented worldwide, especially in tropical regions where protection and defense tools for …

Context Vector-borne diseases (VBD) are a worldwide public health problem for humans
and wildlife.'Global Change'such as habitat alteration and land-use intensification, biotic …

Individuals of migratory species may be more likely to become infected by parasites
because they cross different regions along their route, thereby being exposed to a wider …

Human landscape transformation, especially urbanization, strongly affects ecosystems
worldwide. Both urban stressors and parasites have negative effects on organism health …

Vector‐borne diseases, especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, have severe impacts on
public health and economy. West Nile virus (WNV) and avian malaria parasites of the genus …

The Dilution Effect Hypothesis (DEH) argues that greater biodiversity lowers the risk of
disease and reduces the rates of pathogen transmission since more diverse communities …

Habitat change caused by deforestation can modify the interactions of many biotic and
abiotic factors, and in turn influence patterns of diseases in wild birds. Whether deforestation …

Urban areas, ie dense housing and reduced green spaces, can significantly impact avian
health, through altering land use and increasing biotic and abiotic stress. This study …

Factors such as the particular combination of parasite–mosquito species, their co-
evolutionary history and the host's parasite load greatly affect parasite transmission …

Host phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity are thought to contribute to parasite
community assembly and infection rates. However, recent landscape level anthropogenic …