Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the
presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

Substantial evidence indicates that the lateral septum (LS) plays a critical role in regulating
processes related to mood and motivation. This review presents findings from the basic …

A concatenation of findings from preclinical and clinical studies support a preeminent
function for the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in mediating the physiological …

The CRH receptor (CRH-R) is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled
receptors. Wide expression of CRH-Rs in the central nervous system and periphery ensures …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the related urocortin peptides mediate behavioral,
cognitive, autonomic, neuroendocrine and immunologic responses to aversive stimuli by …

Over the past few decades, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling pathways have
been shown to be the main coordinators of the endocrine, behavioral, and immune …

The complex mechanisms controlling human parturition involves mother, fetus, and
placenta, and stress is a key element activating a series of physiological adaptive …

Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in
numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in …