Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …

Pathogen infection causes a stereotyped state of sickness that involves neuronally
orchestrated behavioural and physiological changes,. On infection, immune cells release a …

Due to direct contact with aquatic environment, mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are
continuously exposed to a vast number of pathogens and also inhabited by high densities of …

The understanding of the functions of the immune system needs a fundament of solid
anatomical knowledge. The construction and arrangement of the different components of the …

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 enters into the human body mainly through the ACE2+
TMPRSS2+ nasal epithelial cells. The initial host response to this pathogen occurs in a …

Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and
adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food sector worldwide and expected to further
increase to feed the growing human population. However, existing and (re-) emerging …

Gas-exchange structures are critical for acquiring oxygen, but they also represent portals for
pathogen entry. Local mucosal immunoglobulin responses against pathogens in specialized …