Security and privacy challenges of large language models: A survey

BC Das, MH Amini, Y Wu - ACM Computing Surveys, 2025 - dl.acm.org
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities and
contributed to multiple fields, such as generating and summarizing text, language …

A comprehensive survey of ai-generated content (aigc): A history of generative ai from gan to chatgpt

Y Cao, S Li, Y Liu, Z Yan, Y Dai, PS Yu… - arxiv preprint arxiv …, 2023 - arxiv.org
Recently, ChatGPT, along with DALL-E-2 and Codex, has been gaining significant attention
from society. As a result, many individuals have become interested in related resources and …

[PDF][PDF] Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: A survey

Y Gao, Y **ong, X Gao, K Jia, J Pan, Y Bi… - arxiv preprint arxiv …, 2023 - simg.baai.ac.cn
Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate powerful capabilities, but they still face
challenges in practical applications, such as hallucinations, slow knowledge updates, and …

[PDF][PDF] A survey of large language models

WX Zhao, K Zhou, J Li, T Tang… - arxiv preprint arxiv …, 2023 - paper-notes.zhjwpku.com
Ever since the Turing Test was proposed in the 1950s, humans have explored the mastering
of language intelligence by machine. Language is essentially a complex, intricate system of …

A survey on hallucination in large language models: Principles, taxonomy, challenges, and open questions

L Huang, W Yu, W Ma, W Zhong, Z Feng… - ACM Transactions on …, 2025 - dl.acm.org
The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has marked a significant breakthrough in
natural language processing (NLP), fueling a paradigm shift in information acquisition …

Unifying large language models and knowledge graphs: A roadmap

S Pan, L Luo, Y Wang, C Chen… - IEEE Transactions on …, 2024 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and GPT4, are making new waves in the
field of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, due to their emergent ability …

Explainability for large language models: A survey

H Zhao, H Chen, F Yang, N Liu, H Deng, H Cai… - ACM Transactions on …, 2024 - dl.acm.org
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural
language processing. However, their internal mechanisms are still unclear and this lack of …

Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools

T Schick, J Dwivedi-Yu, R Dessì… - Advances in …, 2023 - proceedings.neurips.cc
Abstract Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a
few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle …

Dissociating language and thought in large language models

K Mahowald, AA Ivanova, IA Blank, N Kanwisher… - Trends in cognitive …, 2024 - cell.com
Large language models (LLMs) have come closest among all models to date to mastering
human language, yet opinions about their linguistic and cognitive capabilities remain split …

Chain-of-verification reduces hallucination in large language models

S Dhuliawala, M Komeili, J Xu, R Raileanu, X Li… - arxiv preprint arxiv …, 2023 - arxiv.org
Generation of plausible yet incorrect factual information, termed hallucination, is an
unsolved issue in large language models. We study the ability of language models to …