Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems.
Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification …

Reduction–oxidation (redox) reactions occur during burial because sediments contain
reactive mixtures of oxidised and reduced components. Diagenetic chemical reactions …

Mediterranean sapropels are layers with elevated organic carbon concentrations that
contrast with surrounding sediments, which are organic poor. Sapropels occur (quasi-) …

In environmental magnetism, rock and mineral magnetic techniques are used to investigate
the formation, transportation, deposition, and postdepositional alterations of magnetic …

This article provides a comprehensive review of the global monsoon that encompasses
findings from studies of both modern monsoons and paleomonsoons. We introduce a …

The present interglacial, the Holocene, spans the period of the last 11,700 years. It has
sustained the growth and development of modern society. The millennial-scale decreasing …

Current evidence suggests that all of the major events in hominin evolution have occurred in
East Africa. Over the last two decades, there has been intensive work undertaken to …

Dust storms, produced by the removal of surface materials from the world's drylands, are a
vital component of the environment. This is because of their role in biogeochemical cycling …

Hematite is a canted antiferromagnet with reddish color that occurs widely on Earth and
Mars. Identification and quantification of hematite is conveniently achieved through its …

Astronomically forced insolation changes have driven monsoon dynamics and recurrent
humid episodes in North Africa, resulting in green Sahara Periods (GSPs) with savannah …