Penguins lost the ability to fly more than 60 million years ago, subsequently evolving a hyper-
specialized marine body plan. Within the framework of a genome-scale, fossil-inclusive …

Mosasaurs are marine squamates with a 32.5 million-year history from their appearance at
98 Ma to their extinction at the K–Pg boundary (65.5 Ma). Using a database of 43 generic …

Many higher level avian clades are restricted to Earth's lower latitudes, leading to historical
biogeographic reconstructions favoring a Gondwanan origin of crown birds and numerous …

Despite its current low diversity, the penguin clade (Sphenisciformes) is one of the groups of
birds with the most complete fossil record. Likewise, from the evolutionary point of view, it is …

The emergence of islands has been linked to spectacular radiations of diverse organisms.
Although penguins spend much of their lives at sea, they rely on land for nesting, and a high …

Three skeletons collected from the late Oligocene Kokoamu Greensand of New Zealand are
among the most complete Paleogene penguins known. These specimens, described here …

Fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) evolved in the North Pacific and later
dispersed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. However, the timing and number of …

The dominant consumers in today's ocean ecosystems are marine mammals, including
cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, and other marine carnivorans. The ecological …

Many animals extract, synthesize and refine chemicals for colour display, where a range of
compounds and structures can produce a diverse colour palette. Feather colours, for …

The present review aims to improve the scope and coverage of the phylogenetic matrices
currently in use, as well as explore some aspects of the relationships among Paleogene …