The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into
different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such …

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,
and is characterized by liver inflammation and fat accumulation. Dietary interventions, such …

Endogenous indole and its derivatives (indoles), considered as promising N-substituted
heterocyclic compounds, are tryptophan metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota and …

“Dietary fiber”(DF) refers to a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested fully. DF is not an
essential nutrient, but it plays an important part in enhancing digestive capacity and …

The interaction between host and microorganism widely affects the immune and metabolic
status. Indole and its derivatives are metabolites produced by the metabolism of tryptophan …

Metabolic diseases are comprehensive disease based on obesity. Numerous cumulative
studies have shown a certain correlation between the fluctuating abundance of Akkermansia …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis is associated with gut mucosal
inflammation, epithelial damage, and dysbiosis leading to a dysregulated gut mucosal …

Diverse liver diseases undergo a similar pathophysiological process in which liver
regeneration follows a liver injury. Given the important role of the gut-liver axis in health and …

The concept of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) arose in the context of
maldigestion and malabsorption among patients with obvious risk factors that permitted the …