ABSTRACT Serotonin (5-HT) has largely been accepted to be inhibitory to vertebrate
aggression, whereas an opposing stimulatory role has been proposed for invertebrates …

Sexual reproduction implies binary outcomes of competitive interactions for access to male
gametes: lifelong virgin females with null fitness vs. mated females with variable (generally …

Despite the conserved function of aggression across taxa in obtaining critical resources
such as food and mates, serotonin's (5-HT) modulatory role on aggressive behavior appears …

Fights among females are frequent, although less attention has been placed on them than
on male fights. They arise when females compete for food, oviposition, mates, brooding …

Studies on intraspecific contest behavior predominantly focus on contests between
individuals of the same sex, however contest behavior is also expected to occur between …

Cannibalism can have important demographic and ecological effects on populations.
Typically, cannibalism is size‐structured, where larger individuals eat smaller conspecifics …

Several species of stalk-eyed flies exhibit exaggerated sexual dimorphism where females
favor males with longer eyespans. Longer eyespan increases a fly's moment of inertia, and …

Thickened femora of insects are correlated to enlarged muscle masses and serve two basic
purposes: jum**/kicking and gras**/holding. Modifications on the ventral femoral wall …

Female preference for longer eyespan has driven exaggerated sexual dimorphism in
several species of stalk-eyed flies. Longer eyespan increases a fly's moment of inertia, and …

The stalk-eyed fruit flies, with their eyes borne at the ends of long stalks, are distinctly
different from all other members of the family Tephritidae (Diptera). They resemble stalk …