Theories of consciousness and cognition that assume a neural substrate automatically
regard phylogenetically basal, nonneural systems as nonconscious and noncognitive. Here …

Collective intelligence and individual intelligence are usually considered to be
fundamentally different. Individual intelligence is uncontroversial. It occurs in organisms with …

Evolution by natural selection is believed to be the only possible source of spontaneous
adaptive organisation in the natural world. This places strict limits on the kinds of systems …

The truly surprising thing about evolution is not how it makes individuals better adapted to
their environment, but how it makes individuals. All individuals are made of parts that used to …

Providing foundational knowledge and expert guidance on the complete spectrum of
childhood eye disorders and strabismus, Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and …

There is increased awareness of the possibility of developmental memories resulting from
evolutionary learning. Genetic regulatory and neural networks can be modelled by …

Background Biological evolution exhibits an extraordinary capability to adapt organisms to
their environments. The explanation for this often takes for granted that random genetic …

Plasticity is found in all domains of life and is particularly relevant when populations
experience variable environmental conditions. Traditionally, evolutionary models of plasticity …

Many biological systems exhibit precise timing of events, and one of the most known
examples is cell lysis, which is a process of breaking bacterial host cells in the virus infection …

Many cellular processes involve information processing and decision making. We can probe
these processes at increasing molecular detail. The analysis of heterogeneous data remains …