Cachexia is a serious complication of many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart
failure (CHF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors are involved in the …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an enzymatic cascade functioning in a
paracrine and autocrine fashion. In animals and humans, RAAS intrinsic to tissues …

Clinical trials indicate that sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2i)
improve kidney function, yet, the molecular regulation of SGLT2 expression is incompletely …

Increasing studies demonstrated that air pollution (PM2. 5) plays a significant role in
metabolic and neurological diseases. Unfortunately, there is no direct testimony of this, and …

Sarcopenia and cachexia are muscle wasting syndromes associated with aging and with
many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, cancer, chronic …

The sympathetic nervous system, leptin, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been
implicated in obesity-associated hypertension. There is increasing evidence for the …

Abstract Purpose of Review Hypertension is one of the most challenging health problems
inducing cerebrovascular disease and high percentage of death when associated with …

Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass and function, is a widely prevalent and
severe condition in older adults. Since 2016, it is recognized as a disease. Strength exercise …

Obesity is associated with increased levels of angiotensin-II (Ang-II), which activates
angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1a) to influence cardiovascular function and energy …

The rat kidney ablation and infarction (A/I) model of subtotal or 5/6th nephrectomy is the
most commonly studied model of nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). The A/I kidney …