This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

Much of our understanding of Earth's past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen
and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet contains the vast majority of Earth's glacier ice (about
52 metres sea-level equivalent), but is often viewed as less vulnerable to global warming …

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is Earth's most abundant wild animal, and its enormous
biomass is vital to the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Here, we report a 48.01-Gb chromosome …

The spatial coverage and temporal resolution of the Early Paleozoic paleoclimate record are
limited, primarily due to the paucity of well-preserved skeletal material commonly used for …

The oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate and phosphatic fossils hold the key to
understanding Earth-system evolution during the last 500 million years. Unfortunately, the …

Dissolved oxygen (O2) is essential for most ocean ecosystems, fuelling organisms'
respiration and facilitating the cycling of carbon and nutrients. Oxygen measurements have …