Conventional sex roles imply caring females and competitive males. The evolution of sex
role divergence is widely attributed to anisogamy initiating a self‐reinforcing process. The …

Females frequently mate with several males, whose sperm then compete to fertilize
available ova. Sperm competition represents a potent selective force that is expected to …

Current ecological and evolutionary research are increasingly moving from species-to trait-
based approaches because traits provide a stronger link to organism's function and fitness …

Females of many species mate with multiple males, thereby inciting competition among
ejaculates from rival males for fertilization. In response to increasing sperm competition …

It has long been recognized that male mating competition is responsible for the evolution of
weaponry for mate acquisition. However, when females mate with more than one male …

In animals that display acoustically, males may use the presence of conspecifics to choose
optimal times for display, and in doing so minimize costs of advertisement while maximizing …

After brief historic overviews of sexual selection and sexual conflict, I argue that pre-
ejaculatory sexual selection (the form of sexual selection discussed by Darwin) arose at a …

Cholesterol provided by low-or high-density lipoprotein is the precursor for biosynthesis of
progesterone. Once inside the cell, cholesterol can be used for steroidogenesis or esterified …

We review the phylogeny, sperm competition, morphology, physiology, and fertilization
environments of the sperm of externally fertilizing fish and amphibians. Increased sperm …

Spermatozoa are amongst the most variable cells, and three factors are thought to account
for this variation in design: fertilization mode, phylogeny, and postcopulatory sexual …