Obstetric anesthesia has evolved over the course of its history to encompass comprehensive
aspects of maternal care, ranging from cesarean delivery anesthesia and labor analgesia to …

The pain of childbirth is arguably the most severe pain most women will endure in their
lifetimes. The pain of the early first stage of labor arises from dilation of the lower uterine …

Introduction: The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the amniotic fluid (AF)
microbiology of patients with the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis at term using both …

Opioid abuse and dependence during pregnancy have grown over the past decade and
carry a significantly increased risk for both mother and fetus. There is a growing importance …

Air pollution is emerging as a significant risk factor for human health in develo** countries,
particularly in Iran where air pollutant concentrations are elevated. Currently, knowledge of …

Questions: In the active phase of the first stage of labour, does transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulation (TENS) relieve pain or change its location? Does TENS delay the request …

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of intrapartum temperature elevation with
adverse neonatal outcome among low-risk women receiving epidural analgesia and …

IMPLICATIONS: Combined spinal epidural analgesia (CSE) produces pain relief during
labor. Fetal heart rate changes after CSE using intrathecal sufentanil have been reported …

Background: Hypotension due to vasodilation during sub-arachnoid block (SAB) for elective
cesarean delivery may be harmful. Heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting autonomic control …

Purpose: To review the effects of maternal anesthesia and analgesia on the fetus and
newborn. Methods: An on-line computerized search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane …