Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous
and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic …

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Apoptosis is a sequential order of cell death occurring regularly to ensure a homeostatic
balance between the rate of cell formation and cell death. However, a misplaced of this …

Problems arising during translation of mRNAs lead to ribosome stalling and collisions that
trigger a series of quality control events. However, the global cellular response to ribosome …

The loss of vital cells within healthy tissues contributes to the development, progression and
treatment outcomes of many human disorders, including neurological and infectious …

Background Iron is essential for many types of biological processes. However, excessive
iron can be cytotoxic and can lead to many diseases. Since ferroptosis, which is an iron …

Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members
play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro …

Various forms of cell death have been identified over the last decades with each relying on a
different subset of proteins for the activation and execution of their respective pathway (s). In …

Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease,
are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The …

In multicellular organisms, cell death is a critical and active process that maintains tissue
homeostasis and eliminates potentially harmful cells. There are three major types of …