Major depressive disorder (MDD) was previously hypothesized to be a disease of
monoamine deficiency in which low levels of monoamines in the synaptic cleft were …

Replicated international studies have underscored the human and societal costs associated
with major depressive disorder. Despite the proven efficacy of monoamine-based …

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a glutamate-activated cation channel that is
critical to many processes in the brain. Genome-wide association studies suggest that …

Background Ketamine appears to have a therapeutic role in certain mental disorders, most
notably depression. However, the comparative performance of different formulations of …

Abstract Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subset of Major Depressive Disorder
which does not respond to traditional and first-line therapeutic options. There are several …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Stress is a primary risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence from
preclinical models and clinical studies of depression have revealed an array of structural …

The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and stress-
related disorders remain unclear, but studies in depressed patients and rodent models are …

Ketamine is a promising therapeutic option in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The
acute efficacy of ketamine in TRD has been demonstrated in replicated randomised …

Glutamate serves as both the mammalian brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter and as
a key neuromodulator to control synapse and circuit function over a wide range of spatial …