Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is
at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior …

What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine systems play in reward? Do they
mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning …

Historically, the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system has been implicated in
arousal, but recent findings suggest that this system plays a more complex and specific role …

We used positron emission tomography to study neural mechanisms underlying intensely
pleasant emotional responses to music. Cerebral blood flow changes were measured in …

Neuroimagingstudies with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) have begun to describe the functional neuroanatomy of emotion …

The mesostriatal dopamine system is prominently implicated in model-free reinforcement
learning, with fMRI BOLD signals in ventral striatum notably covarying with model-free …

OBJECTIVE: Studies of the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction primarily
have focused on limbic subcortical structures. Here the authors evaluated the role of frontal …

Music is used to regulate mood and arousal in everyday life and to promote physical and
psychological health and well-being in clinical settings. However, scientific inquiry into the …

OBJECTIVE: A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering
motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs. In this …

This article offers a reformulation of the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction and
proposes that the escape and avoidance of negative affect is the prepotent motive for …