Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

The direct impacts of climate change involve a multitude of phenomena, including rising sea
levels, intensified severe weather events such as droughts and flooding, increased …

Glacier mass loss affects sea level rise, water resources, and natural hazards. We present
global glacier projections, excluding the ice sheets, for shared socioeconomic pathways …

Abstract The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan system, named the Third Pole because it
is the largest global store of frozen water after the polar regions, provides a reliable water …

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperature and weather due to human
activities. Increase in average global temperature and extreme and unpredictable weather …

Terrestrial water storage (TWS) over the Tibetan Plateau, a major global water tower, is
crucial in determining water transport and availability to a large downstream Asian …

The intensity of extreme precipitation events is projected to increase in a warmer climate,,,–,
posing a great challenge to water sustainability in natural and built environments. Of …

Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) represent a major hazard and can result in significant
loss of life. Globally, since 1990, the number and size of glacial lakes has grown rapidly …

Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least
because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or …

Rapid atmospheric warming since the mid-twentieth century has increased temperature-
dependent erosion and sediment-transport processes in cold environments, affecting food …