The extraordinary adaptations of birds to contend with atmospheric conditions during their
migratory flights have captivated ecologists for decades. During the 21st century …

Flap** flight is energetically more costly than running, although it is less costly to fly a
given body mass a given distance per unit time than it is for a similar mass to run the same …

Background The movement of animals is strongly influenced by external factors in their
surrounding environment such as weather, habitat types, and human land use. With …

The physiological and biomechanical requirements of flight at high altitude have been the
subject of much interest. Here, we uncover a steep relation between heart rate and wingbeat …

The primary aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of our current understanding of
hemoglobin function and evolution, and to illustrate how research on one particular family of …

Several factors affect the flight altitude of migratory birds, such as topography, ambient
temperature, wind conditions, air humidity, predation avoidance, landmark orientation, and …

Population genomic studies of humans and other animals at high altitude have generated
many hypotheses about the genes and pathways that may have contributed to hypoxia …

Nearly 20% of all bird species migrate between breeding and nonbreeding sites annually.
Their migrations include storied feats of endurance and physiology, from non-stop trans …

Bar-headed geese cross the Himalayas on one of the most iconic high-altitude migrations in
the world. Heart rates and metabolic costs of flight increase with elevation and can be near …

Developmental hypoxia has profound and persistent effects on the vertebrate cardiovascular
system, but the nature, magnitude, and long-term outcome of the hypoxic consequences are …