The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria …

For many decades, the proper functioning of the human body has become a leading
scientific topic. In the course of numerous experiments, a striking impact of probiotics on the …

Gram-negative bacteria release vesicular structures from their outer membrane, so called
outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs have a variety of functions such as waste disposal …

Recent reports have shown that Gram-positive bacteria actively secrete spherical nanometer-
sized proteoliposome membrane vesicles (MVs) into their surroundings. Though MVs are …

Bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs)
during their normal growth. Gram-negative bacteria produce BMVs termed outer membrane …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria are mediators of cell
survival and pathogenesis by facilitating virulence factor dissemination and resistance to …

In recent years the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Gram-positive bacteria in host-
microbe cross-talk has become increasingly appreciated, although the knowledge of their …

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are non-replicative nanostructures released by Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria as a survival mechanism and inter-and intraspecific …

Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria participate in cell communication and host-
pathogen interactions. Roles for MVs in antibiotic resistance are gaining increased attention …