Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

Various emerging and re‐emerging diseases, such as streptococcosis, tilapia lake virus
disease and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus disease, have had a significant …

The gut microbiota is currently one of the most studied 'organs' in animals, and fish are no
exception. A complex diversity of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, yeast and fungus …

Fish are the most diverse and widely distributed vertebrates, yet little is known about the
microbial ecology of fishes nor the biological and environmental factors that influence fish …

Simple Summary Activities such as the digestion and absorption of feeds occur into the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which also serves to excrete waste products of digestion. These …

Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess
both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic …

Transcytosis of polymeric IgA and IgM from the basolateral surface to the apical side of the
epithelium and subsequent secretion into mucosal fluids are mediated by the polymeric …

Fish harbour complex and dynamic microbiota in their mucosal surfaces. Due to the vital role
of commensal microbiota in many biological functions including growth enhancement …

As an organophosphate ester (OPE), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) has been frequently
detected in aquatic environments, and its environmental risk has been widely studied. The …

The use of antibiotics and therapeutics for Nile tilapia has increased along with its increased
production and intensification. Probiotics have been studied as an alternative to the …