Coral reefs are biodiverse and productive ecosystems but are threatened by local and
global stresses. The resulting loss of coral reefs is threatening coastal food and livelihoods …

Many physiological responses in present-day coral reefs to climate change are interpreted
as consistent with the imminent disappearance of modern reefs globally because of annual …

Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in
space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global …

Approximately one-quarter of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere each year is absorbed by the global oceans, causing measurable declines in …

Experiments have shown that ocean acidification due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations has deleterious effects on the performance of many marine organisms …

This report provides a detailed assessment of the status of and threats to the world's coral
reefs. It evaluates threats to coral reefs from a wide range of human activities, and includes …

Trait-based approaches advance ecological and evolutionary research because traits
provide a strong link to an organism's function and fitness. Trait-based research might lead …

Benthic marine invertebrates live in a multistressor world where stressor levels are, and will
continue to be, exacerbated by global warming and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide …

Scleractinian (hard) corals are fundamental to the geomorphology, biodiversity, and
structure of coral reef ecosystems (Goreau 1963, Hoegh-Guldberg 2004, Pratchett et al …

Bioerosion, involving the weakening and breakdown of calcareous coral reef structures, is
due to the chemical and mechanical activities of numerous and diverse biotic agents. These …