Use of highly pure antigens to improve vaccine safety has led to reduced vaccine
immunogenicity and efficacy. This has led to the need to use adjuvants to improve vaccine …

Liposomes (phospholipid bilayer vesicles) are versatile and robust delivery systems for
induction of antibody and T lymphocyte responses to associated subunit antigens. In the last …

▪ Abstract Infections often involve the mucosal surfaces of the body, which form a boundary
with the outside world. This review focuses on immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies because …

Cholera, a waterborne acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains
prevalent in underdeveloped countries and is a serious health threat to those living in …

The binding subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-B) is a highly active oral
immunogen. Transgenic tobacco and potato plants were made with the use of genes …

The B subunits of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LTB) and cholera toxin of Vibrio cholerae
(CTB) are candidate vaccine antigens. Integration of an unmodified CTB-coding sequence …

The concept of immunologically mediated tolerance to food antigens through exposure to
mucosal antigen has been the subject of continuous scientific debate. After a decline in …

To determine which mucosal immunization routes may be optimal for induction of antibodies
in the rectum and female genital tract, groups of women were immunized a total of three …

Oral immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) derived from yeast
(purified product) or in transgenic potatoes (uncooked unprocessed sample) was compared …

Most vaccines are still delivered by injection. Mucosal vaccination would increase
compliance and decrease the risk of spread of infectious diseases due to contaminated …