BACKGROUND Fire has shaped the diversity of life on Earth for millions of years. Variation
in fire regimes continues to be a source of biodiversity across the globe, and many plants …

Natural climate solutions are being advanced to arrest climate warming by protecting and
enhancing carbon capture and storage in plants, soils and sediments in ecosystems. These …

Protected areas are the cornerstones of conservation efforts to mitigate the anthropogenic
pressures driving biodiversity loss. Nations aim to protect 30% of Earth's land and water by …

New satellite remote sensing and machine learning techniques offer untapped possibilities
to monitor global biodiversity with unprecedented speed and precision. These efficiencies …

The world's biomes and their associated ecosystems are artificially fractured by geopolitical
boundaries that define countries. Yet 'transboundary'landscapes often overlap with …

Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) are often caused by human population increase, high
livestock and wildlife population densities and changing land use and climate. These …

Expanding protected areas (PAs) is a worldwide endeavour aimed at addressing the
biodiversity crisis and harnessing the benefits that natural ecosystems provide to humanity …

African lions (Panthera leo) and African savanna (Loxodonta africana) and forest (L. cyclotis)
elephants pose threats to people, crops, and livestock, and are themselves threatened with …

Nature reserves (NRs) are essential for preserving natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and
ecological balance and for mediating human-land conflicts while sustaining ecosystem …

The presence of livestock inside protected areas, or “livestock encroachment,” is a global
conservation concern because livestock is broadly thought to negatively affect wildlife. The …