Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

The B cell activating factor (BAFF), or B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), is a B cell survival
factor which supports autoreactive B cells and prevents their deletion. BAFF expression is …

The BAFF system plays a key role in the development of autoimmunity, especially in
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This often leads to the assumption that BAFF is mostly …

The tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family members B cell activating factor (BAFF) and APRIL
(a proliferation-inducing ligand) are crucial survival factors for peripheral B cells. An excess …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement
defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals …

IgA class switching is the process whereby B cells acquire the expression of IgA, the most
abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions. IgA class switching occurs via both T-cell …

Background Depletion of B lymphocytes is associated with suppression of inflammatory
activity in multiple sclerosis. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of atacicept, a …

Bacteria colonize the intestine shortly after birth and thereafter exert several beneficial
functions, including induction of protective immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. The distal …

The gut mucosa is exposed to a large community of commensal bacteria that are required
for the processing of nutrients and the education of the local immune system. Conversely …

The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19
pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global …