T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the
naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) signalling is of paramount importance to immunity. Regulated
increases in cytosolic and organellar Ca2+ concentrations in lymphocytes control complex …

The transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and activator protein 1 (AP-
1; Fos–Jun) cooperate to promote the effector functions of T cells, but NFAT in the absence …

Inflammation-induced neurodegeneration is a defining feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet
the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. By dissecting the neuronal inflammatory stress …

Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential signaling molecule that controls a wide range of biological
functions. In the immune system, calcium signals play a central role in a variety of cellular …

The intracellular calcium ions (Ca 2+) act as second messenger to regulate gene
transcription, cell proliferation, migration and death. Accumulating evidences have …

Metals are essential components in all forms of life required for the function of nearly half of
all enzymes and are critically involved in virtually all fundamental biological processes …

During persistent antigen stimulation, CD8+ T cells show a gradual decrease in effector
function, referred to as exhaustion, which impairs responses in the setting of tumors and …

Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the
control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a …

Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are a major pathway for calcium signaling in
virtually all metozoan cells and serve a wide variety of functions ranging from gene …