The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved
with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near …

The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier
sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear that microbial …

INTRODUCTION One fundamental property of the immune system is its ability to develop
memory of previous encounters, resulting in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent …

The human fetal immune system begins to develop early during gestation; however, factors
responsible for fetal immune-priming remain elusive. We explored potential exposure to …

Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterised by islet autoimmunity and beta cell
destruction. A gut microbiota–immunological interplay is involved in the pathophysiology of …

Host–microbiota interactions are fundamental for the development of the immune system.
Drastic changes in modern environments and lifestyles have led to an imbalance of this …

Functioning as the exterior interface of the human body with the environment, skin acts as a
physical barrier to prevent the invasion of foreign pathogens while providing a home to the …

Despite multiple associations between the microbiota and immune diseases, their role in
autoimmunity is poorly understood. We found that translocation of a gut pathobiont …

The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to …

In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes
and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the …