The immune system can remember a previously experienced pathogen and can evoke an
enhanced response to reinfection that depends on memory lymphocyte populations. Recent …

Immunological memory is the residuum of a successful immune response that in the B cell
lineage comprises long-lived plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells. It is apparent that …

Memory for antigens once encountered is a hallmark of the immune system of vertebrates,
providing us with an immunity adapted to pathogens of our environment. Despite its …

B cells represent one of the cellular components of the immune system that protects the
individual from invading pathogens. In response to the invader, these cells differentiate into …

Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external
environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the …

The long-lasting humoral immunity induced by viral infections or vaccinations depends on
memory B cells with greatly increased affinity to viral antigens, which are evolved from …

Natural pathogens, such as viruses, often induce T-dependent and T-independent Ab
responses. However, the activation and differentiation of Ag-specific B cells under these …

Persistent humoral immunity depends on the follicular B cell response and on the
generation of somatically mutated high‐affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. Upon …

The innate immune system recognizes deviation from homeostasis caused by infectious or
non-infectious assaults. The threshold for its activation seems to be established by a …

Abs play a significant role in protection against the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhi.
In this article, we investigated how long-term protective IgM responses can be elicited by a …