BACKGROUND Climate change impacts have now been documented across every
ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only~ 1° C so far. Here, we describe the …

Hundreds of coral paleoclimate records have been developed over the past several
decades, significantly extending the instrumental record and improving our understanding of …

Scleractinian (hard) corals are fundamental to the geomorphology, biodiversity, and
structure of coral reef ecosystems (Goreau 1963, Hoegh-Guldberg 2004, Pratchett et al …

Coral reefs provide critical services to coastal communities, and these services rely on
ecosystem functions threatened by stressors. By summarizing the threats to the functioning …

Increasing heat stress due to global climate change is causing coral reef decline, and the
Caribbean has been one of the most vulnerable regions. Here, we assessed three decades …

Carbon emissions in an industrialized world have created two problems for coral reefs:
climate change and ocean acidification. Climate change drives ocean warming, which …

The loss of functional and accreting coral reefs reduces coastal protection and resilience for
tropical coastlines. Coral restoration has potential for recovering healthy reefs that can …

Abstract Across the Indo-Pacific region, rapid increases in surface temperatures, ocean heat
content and concomitant hydrological changes have implications for sea level rise, ocean …

Coral reefs are the most diverse habitats in the marine realm. Their productivity, structural
complexity, and biodiversity critically depend on ecosystem services provided by corals that …

Modern reef-building corals sustain a wide range of ecosystem services because of their
ability to build calcium carbonate reef systems. The influence of environmental variables on …