The continuously increasing complexity of modern and sustainable power and energy
systems leads to a wide range of solutions developed by industry and academia. To …

The smart grid is generally studied as an efficient and powerful electric grid. With the
assistance of information and communication technology (ICT), the electric grid can increase …

Original papers Original papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.
Xu, Y., Kopsakangas-Savolainen, M., Ahokangas, P., & Li, F.(2016). Ecosystemic business …

To overcome the challenge of the architectural design of smart grid as complex system of
systems, several Smart Grid Reference Architectures (SGRAs) have been developed. These …

To overcome the complexity of the architectural design of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
like smart grids and intelligent transportation systems, it is common to revert to reference …

During the last decades, the complexity of building automation systems increased, starting
with a growing number of sensors and actuators to several communication protocols that …

There are two pillars of sustainable development in the electricity sector: renewable energy
and energy efficiency. Both can be addressed by a concept of electrical energy cluster …

Das europäische Stromnetz steht durch den massiven Zuwachs von erneuerbaren
Energiequellen vor immer größeren Herausforderungen. Um weiterhin eine sichere und …