Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death
associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of …

This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers …

The analgesic properties of the opium poppy Papever somniferum were first mentioned by
Hippocrates around 400 BC, and opioid analgesics remain the mainstay of pain …

Opioids depress breathing by inhibition of interconnected respiratory nuclei in the pons and
medulla. Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists directly hyperpolarize a population of neurons …

Life-threatening side effects such as profound bradypnea or apnea and variable upper
airway obstruction limit the use of opioids for analgesia. It is yet unclear which sites …

Opioids provide analgesia, as well as modulate sleep and respiration, all by possibly acting
on the μ-opioid receptors (MOR). MOR's are ubiquitously present throughout the brain …

An opioid epidemic is spreading in North America with millions of opioid overdoses
annually. Opioid drugs, like fentanyl, target the mu opioid receptor system and induce …

The lateral parafacial region (pFL; which encompasses the parafacial respiratory group,
pFRG) is a conditional oscillator that drives active expiration during periods of high …

Drugs acting on μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are widely used as analgesics but present
serious side-effects such as addiction and respiratory depression. The latter is critical …

Opiates, such as morphine, and synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, constitute a class of
drugs acting on opioid receptors which have been used therapeutically and recreationally …