We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

The climate is a forced, dissipative, nonlinear, complex, and heterogeneous system that is
out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The system exhibits natural variability on many scales of …

Specific components of the Earth system may abruptly change their state in response to
gradual changes in forcing. This possibility has attracted great scientific interest in recent …

Climate proxies indicate coupling between changes in atmospheric pCO 2, global
temperatures, and ice volume over much of the Cenozoic. Evidence has been presented for …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity‐the equilibrium warming per CO2 doubling‐increases with
CO2 concentration for 13 of 14 coupled general circulation models for 0.5–8 times the …

In modern environmental and climate science it is necessary to assimilate observational
datasets collected over decades with outputs from numerical models, to enable a full …

Detection and attribution (DA) studies are cornerstones of climate science, providing crucial
evidence for policy decisions. Their goal is to link observed climate change patterns to …

In the early Pleistocene, global temperature cycles predominantly varied with~ 41‐kyr
(obliquity‐scale) periodicity. Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations likely played a …