Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms.
Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host …

A predictive understanding of the ecological impacts of nonnative species has been slow to
develop, owing largely to an apparent dearth of clearly defined hypotheses and the lack of a …

Seagrass meadows are vital ecosystems in coastal zones worldwide, but are also under
global threat. One of the major hurdles restricting the success of seagrass conservation and …

Biotic interactions are believed to play a role in the origin and maintenance of species
diversity, and multiple hypotheses link the latitudinal diversity gradient to a presumed …

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1459–1474 Abstract There is growing concern that rapid
environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind …

Models describing the biotic drivers that create and maintain biological diversity within
trophic levels have focused primarily on negative interactions (ie competition), leaving …

Throughout the natural world, organisms have responded to predators, inadequate
resources, or inclement conditions by forming ongoing mutually beneficial partnerships--or …

Consumer effects on prey are well known for cascading through food webs and producing
dramatic top-down effects on community structure and ecosystem function. Bottom-up effects …

The rate of production of methane in many environments depends upon mutualistic
interactions between sulfate‐reducing bacteria and methanogens. To enhance our …

Pervasive overharvesting of consumers and anthropogenic nutrient loading are changing
the strengths of top‐down and bottom‐up forces in ecosystems worldwide. Thus, identifying …