BACKGROUND Human activity and decisions drive all life in cities. Worldwide, cities are
characterized by extensive anthropogenic transformation of the landscape, modification of …

Although a number of comprehensive reviews have examined global ecosystem services
(ES), few have focused on studies that assess urban ecosystem services (UES). Given that …

Insect pollinators provide a crucial ecosystem service, but are under threat. Urban areas
could be important for pollinators, though their value relative to other habitats is poorly …

Urbanisation exposes wildlife to new challenging conditions and environmental pressures.
Some mammalian species have adapted to these novel environments, but it remains …

Street trees are an integral element of urban life. They provide a vast range of benefits in
residential and commercial precincts, and they support healthy communities by providing …

Plants use light as a source of both energy and information. Plant physiological responses to
light, and interactions between plants and animals (such as herbivory and pollination), have …

Urbanization results in habitat loss and habitat fragmentation concurrently, both influencing
biodiversity and ecological processes. To evaluate these impacts, it is important to …

With increasing urbanization the importance of cities for biodiversity conservation grows.
This paper reviews the ways in which biodiversity is affected by urbanization and discusses …

Urban areas are hot spots that drive environmental change at multiple scales. Material
demands of production and human consumption alter land use and cover, biodiversity, and …

There is growing recognition of urban areas as hosts for innovative ways to conserve and
promote biodiversity. Parks, as one specific type of urban green space, constitute particularly …