The development of the vertebrate eyes is a complex process starting from anterior-posterior
and dorso-ventral patterning of the anterior neural tube, resulting in the formation of the eye …

Retinoic acid (RA), the active form of vitamin A, is a small lipophilic molecule that acts as a
signalling molecule in vertebrates by binding to nuclear receptors (heterodimers of RA …

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are emerging as a tool for understanding
human brain development at cellular, molecular, and genomic levels. Here we show that …

A number of studies have suggested that the active derivative of vitamin A, retinoic acid
(RA), may be important for early development of mammalian embryos 1, 2. Severe vitamin A …

Neuraxial patterning is a continuous process that extends over a protracted period of
development. During gastrulation a crude anteroposterior pattern, detectable by molecular …

Retinoids—a family of molecules that are derived from vitamin A—have been implicated in
many developmental processes. In the embryonic vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) …

Mouse Otx2 is a bicoid-class homeobox gene, related to the Drosophila orthodenticle (otd)
gene. Expression of this gene is initially widespread in the epiblast at embryonic day 5.5 but …

Initiation of Hox genes requires interactions between numerous factors and signaling
pathways in order to establish their precise domain boundaries in the develo** nervous …

A number of studies have suggested that retinoic acid (RA) is an important signal for
patterning the hindbrain, the branchial arches and the limb bud. Retinoic acid is thought to …

During embryonic development, organs arise along the gut tube as a series of buds in a
stereotyped anterior–posterior (AP) pattern. Using chick-quail chimeras and in vitro tissue …