The global impacts of climate change are evident in every marine ecosystem. On coral reefs,
mass coral bleaching and mortality have emerged as ubiquitous responses to ocean …

The symbiosis between cnidarians (eg, corals or sea anemones) and intracellular
dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium is of immense ecological importance. In …

Coral bleaching is one of the main drivers of reef degradation. Most corals bleach and suffer
mortality at just 1–2° C above their maximum monthly mean temperatures, but some species …

Sea temperatures in many tropical regions have increased by almost 1° C over the past 100
years, and are currently increasing at~ 1–2° C per century. Coral bleaching occurs when the …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing of hydrogels is now an attractive area of research
due to its capability to fabricate intricate, complex and highly customizable scaffold …

It has been over 10 years since the phenomenon of extensive coral bleaching was first
described. In most cases bleaching has been attributed to elevated temperature, but other …

▪ Abstract Oxidative stress—the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen
intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl …

Since the early 1980s, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality, due primarily to
climate-induced ocean warming, have occurred almost annually in one or more of the …

Coral reef ecosystems thrive in tropical oligotrophic oceans because of the relationship
between corals and endosymbiotic dinoflagellate algae called Symbiodinium …

Coral reef bleaching, the temporary or permanent loss of photosynthetic microalgae
(zooxanthellae) and/or their pigments by a variety of reef taxa, is a stress response usually …