Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), including those for Na+, Ca2+ and K+, selectively
permeate ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential …

Ca2+-release channels are giant membrane proteins that control the release of Ca2+ from
the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two members, ryanodine receptors …

Many proteins and protein segments cannot attain a single stable three-dimensional
structure under physiological conditions; instead, they adopt multiple interconverting …

Ca 2+ is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger that controls diverse cellular functions but can
become toxic and cause cell death. Selective control of specific targets depends on …

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of non-crystalline single particles is a biophysical
technique that can be used to determine the structure of biological macromolecules and …

Ion channels play a central role in the regulation of nearly every cellular process. Dating
back to the classic 1952 Hodgkin–Huxley model of the generation of the action potential, ion …

The voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels convert membrane electrical signals to
intracellular Ca2+-mediated events. Among the ten subtypes of Cav channel in mammals …

Abstract Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological
macromolecules often aids understanding of how they perform complicated tasks in the cell …

Calcium carries messages to virtually all important functions of cells. Although it was already
active in unicellular organisms, its role became universally important after the transition to …

Until only a few years ago, single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) was usually
not the first choice for many structural biologists due to its limited resolution in the range of …