Margins are defined as the difference between a design parameter's minimum required
value to ensure functionality, and its actual capability. Margins allow engineers to mitigate …

In complex products the values of parameters are rarely exactly the required values, rather
they often have a margin that might be designed in deliberately or be the incidental results of …

Abstract Design requirements are often uncertain in the early stages of product
development. Set-based design is a paradigm for exploring, and kee** under …

Margin occurs where a design is overspecified with respect to the minimum required. Margin
may be desirable to mitigate risk and absorb future changes, but at the same time, may be …

This paper outlines a generic method for quantifying changeability level, to support better
decision making in the early stages of design of engineering systems. Changeability …

As products are being developed over time and across organisations, the risk for unintended
accumulation and mis-conception of margins allocated may occur. Accumulation of margins …

This paper discusses margins in the context of building services, where the capacity in many
buildings, such as hospitals, exceeds the requirements by huge amounts. This oversizing …

Authors belonging to different institutions ('schools') of cyber-physical systems (CPSs)
research and development report on largely different objectives, underpin their work with …

The life cycle of complex products is subject to multiple uncertainties. Designers include
margins into the product to cater for these uncertainties: safety margins, which is typically …

The need for staged design optimization for multidisciplinary systems with strong, cross-
system links and complex systems has been acknowledged in various contexts. This is …